The first female physician, midwife, and gynecologist, Agnodika (Ἀγνοδίκη or Agnodikē in Ancient Greek), changed the course of history and became an inspiration for all women who wanted to pursue medicine. Thanks to her courage, women were allowed to study medicine over 2300 years ago, but the path to that change was anything but easy.

Birth and passion for medicine

Agnodika, born in the 4th century BC, most likely in Athens, comes from a society where women were strictly forbidden from practicing medicine. Determined to fulfill her desire, Agnodika cut her hair and disguised herself as a man in order to enroll in the medical school under the guidance of the best teacher of that time - Herophilus of Chalcedon (331 - 280 BC), known for his work in anatomy and later the founder of a medical school in Alexandria. And she succeeded.

After completing her studies, she returned to Athens, ready to help her fellow citizens.

First childbirth performed and recognition

One day, while passing through the city, Agnodika heard the cries of a woman in labor. She tried to help, but the pregnant woman, believing she was a man, refused any assistance. To gain her trust, Agnodika discreetly revealed that she was a woman, and the woman accepted her help. This marked the beginning of Agnodika’s influence in Athens - women soon learned about her, and all pregnant and sick women began seeking her services.

Jealousy and trial

Of course, her popularity did not go unnoticed. Male physicians, feeling threatened, accused Agnodika of seducing patients, still believing she was a man. During the trial, Agnodika revealed her true identity, admitting that she was a woman who had disguised herself to help other women. There was astonishment but also condemnation. She was sentenced to death for breaking the law and practicing medicine as a woman.

Women’s revolt and legal change

This verdict sparked a wave of discontent among the women of Athens, especially those who were grateful to Agnodika for her help. According to tradition, among them were the wives of the judges who had sentenced Agnodika to death. A massive uprising was initiated - many women threatened to take their own lives if Agnodika was executed. Under public pressure, the Athenian judges revoked the sentence and enacted a new law allowing women to practice medicine, but only in the care of other women.

Agnodika’s legacy

Agnodika thus entered history as the first female physician, gynecologist, and midwife over 2,300 years ago! Her story symbolizes the struggle for rights and equality and reminds us of the importance of courage and determination.

Today, a plaque depicting Agnodika in action, unearthed in Ostia, Italy, is displayed in the British Museum, bearing witness to her legacy that still resonates through the centuries.

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